This paper deals a with the study of an innovative method for processing the Oman placer ores by alkaline leaching in BALL MILL AUTOCLAVEs, where grinding and leaching of the refractory minerals take place simultaneously. This was followed by the selective separation of thorium and uranium from lanthanides by AUTOCLAVE leaching of the hydroxide cake with ammonium carbonate-bicarbonate solutions. The introduced method is based on the fact that thorium and uranium form soluble carbonate complexes with ammonium carbonate, while lanthanides form sparingly soluble double carbonates. It was found that a complete alkaline leaching of Oman placer ores (98.0%) was attained at 150 and 175oC within 2.5 and 2h, respectively. Oman placer ores leaching was intensified and accelerated in a BALL MILL AUTOCLAVEs as a result of the grinding action of steel BALLs, removal of the hydroxide layer covering ores grains and the continuous contact of fresh ore grains with alkaline solution. The study of selective carbonate processing of hydroxide cake with ammonium carbonate-bicarbonate solutions on AUTOCLAVE under pressure revealed that the complete thorium recovery (97.5%) with uranium recovery (90.8%) and their separation from the lanthanides were attained at 70-80oC during 1-2h. The extraction of lanthanides in carbonate solution was low and did not exceed 4.6%.

Synthesis, identification and thermal behavior studies of nanoparticles cobalt (II) bromide has been studied in this research. Cobalt (II) bromide was synthesized by planetary high-energy BALL MILL. The general formula of this compound is CoBr2.6H2O. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and also Size and structure of synthesized nanoparticles were studied by analyzing X-ray diffraction and morphology of surface and structure of synthesized nanoparticles were studied by scanning electron microscopy. This compound has many applications in mineral synthesis as a catalyst. The nanoparticles of CoBr2.6H2O synthesized with smaller size of 35 nm, and its SEM images show that the morphology of particles surface is as like as layer. Also, the thermal behavior of these nanoparticles is considered by using of DTA /TGA thermal analysis.

In this work, the BALL-end MILL machining has been analyzed and a model based on mechanics of metal cutting is developed. This model is used for prediction of the cutting forces in BALL-end MILLing from fundamental data. The cutting edge in this model is considered as a series of infinitesimal elements and the oblique cutting process with these elements has been analyzed as orthogonal cutting process. Cutting forces result from the summation of cutting forces on these elements. The results have been compared with the experiments on machining 1045 steel and Al4Ti6V and show relatively good agreements.

The aim of this research work was to investigate on the BALL filling estimation of Miduk semiautogenous (SAG) MILL via an utilized method. Miduk copper concentrator is located in Kerman Province, Iran, and its size reduction stage includes one gyratory crusher which feeds one SAG MILL (9.75 dia. (m) *3.88 length (m)) following two parallel BALL MILLs (5dia. (m) *7lenght (m)). After SAG MILL, a trommel screen produces two over and under size materials which the oversize part is circulated into SAG MILL and undersize reports to hydrocyclone for further process. BALL filling identify was implemented in this work using MILL`s load sampling and BALL abrasion test.These methods could estimate BALL filling variation with easy, undeniable, and useful tests. Also, these tests have shown the digression of operating BALL filling amount and its manual designed. To make more homogenous load, MILL load samplings were carried out from 6 points after whirling the MILL via inching motor. Acquired load sampling results were compared with BALL abrasion tests. BALL abrasion tests were calculated for 3 different conditions include maximum, average, and minimum BALL abrasion. However, the calculated maximum and minimum conditions never occurred. However, these are just for obtaining to BALL filling variation in the MILL. The results obtained from this work show, the BALL filling percentage variation is between 1.2– 3.7% which is lower than MILL BALL filling percentage, according to the designed conditions (15%). In addition, acquired load samplings result for MILL BALL filling was 1.3%.

COMSIM has been developed in Excel spreadsheet to simulate industrial grinding circuits that consist of BALL MILLs and hydrocyclone. In this software Population Balance Model (PBM) has been used for simulating BALL MILL performance. In this model, the required parameters are mean Retention Time Distribution (RTD) of particles inside the BALL MILL, selection function and breakage function. Also, for simulating hydrocyclone performance two empirical models, Plitt and Nageswararao models have been used. These two models predict performance based on hydrocyclone geometry and inlet pulp characterisation.This package allows simulation of circuits consist any layout configuration of BALL MILLs and hydrocyclones. Data obtained from the simulator are compared with measured data from the plant. This reliable performance of the simulation software. Easy handling of input and output, validation of input data, multiple displays of various flows and graphical representation of the results constitute the characteristics of this user friendly similuator.

The MILL shell liner type, rotation speed and the amount of its loading are the key factors influencing the charging behavior, consequently the comminution mechanism. In this paper, the MILLing operation of industrial BALL MILLs using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is investigated. First, an industrial scale BALL MILL with a Smooth liner type is simulated. Then, by changing liner type, i. e. Wave, Rib, Ship-lap, Lorain, Osborn, and Step liners, six other independent simulations are performed. Effects of MILL shell liner type on charge shoulder, toe, impact, and head points, also on head height and impact zone length as well as on the creation of cascading, cataracting, and centrifuging motions for BALLs at two different MILL speeds, i. e. 70% and 80% of its critical speed (NC) are evaluated. Also, in order to validate simulation results, a laboratory-scale MILL is simulated. The results indicate that the charge heads are respectively about 240. 13, 283. 40, 306. 47, 278. 12, 274. 42, 274. 42, and 278. 12 cm at the simulations performed with Smooth, Wave, Rib, Ship-lap, Lorain, Osborn, and Step liners at 70% of NC. The corresponding values at 80% of NC are as follows: 256. 08, 264. 56, 313. 54, 298. 45, 313. 54, 311. 60, and 283. 40 cm. On the other hand, the impact zone lengths are respectively about 33. 14, 22. 11, 38. 63, 35. 86, 38. 63, 38. 63, and 49. 59 cm at the simulations performed with the above-mentioned liners at 70% of NC. The corresponding values for impact zone lengths at 80% of NC are as follows: 35. 86, 27. 63, 49. 59, 38. 63, 33. 14, 52. 32, and 41. 38 cm. Comparison of the simulations related to the laboratory scale MILL with experimental results demonstrates a good agreement that validates the DEM simulations and the software used.

In this research, first mesoporous nickel hydroxide nanoparticles were synthesized by solvothermal method. Then the nickel hydroxide nanoparticles were converted into nickel oxide nanoparticles by maintaining the structure and morphology during heat treatment and then doped with copper (П) by BALL MILLing method. Since no toxic, expensive, and complex chemicals were used during the synthesis process, the results of this research can be considered scientifically and industrially in the production of other doped nanomaterials. Methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy–dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and surface area and porosity measurement by nitrogen absorption and desorption method (BET) were used to study the structure and chemical composition of the synthesized nanomaterials. XRD patterns showed FCC structure of the synthesized nanoparticles and the absence of impurity phase. Also, BET measurements showed the mesoporous nature of nanoparticles and good specific surface area and pore volume. The catalytic behavior of copper doped nickel oxide nanoparticles in the removal and sonophotocatalytic degradation of phenol pollutant under visible light and ultrasound waves was studied. It was observed that the phenol substance soluble in water as a model pollutant was destroyed by about 86.5% under visible light and ultrasonic waves after adding copper doped nickel oxide catalyst.